6 Types of Biofeedback Machines and Their Applications

Biofeedback therapy is a form of therapy that uses precision instruments to inform a patient of unconsciously controlled physiological processes, such as heart rate or skin temperature. Using this information, the patient can then learn to consciously alter these processes. There are several kinds of biofeedback machines, which measure different physiological responses and are useful for different clinical applications. Five commonly used types of biofeedback machines include electromyographs, feedback thermometers, electrodermographs, electrocardiographs, pneumographs, electroencephalographs. 

#1: Electromyographs as Biofeedback Machines

One of the more commonly used types of biofeedback machines is the electromyograph. Electromyography uses surface electrodes on the skin to detect electrical action potentials in the muscles underneath. EMG biofeedback machines are most commonly used for anxiety and pain disorders. Some of the common applications include generalized anxiety disorder, chronic muscle pain, migraine headaches, chronic or recurrent tension headaches, pelvic pain, and temporomandibular joint pain.

#2: Feedback Thermometers as Biofeedback Machines

Feedback thermometers are biofeedback machines that use a temperature-sensitive resistor to measure skin temperature. This information can be used to teach the patient to either cool their hands, which involves vasoconstriction, or warm their hands, which involves vasodilation. Feedback thermometers, when used as biofeedback machines, can be used to help treat chronic pain, edema (swelling), hypertension (high blood pressure), tension or migraine headaches, and anxiety.

#3: Electrodermohraphs as Biofeedback Machines

An electrodermograph is an instrument that uses electrodes on the hand or wrist to measure skin conductivity. Skin conductivity is an indirect measure of sweat gland activity, which increases due to arousal, anxiety, stress, and other cognitive arousal. In addition to their usefulness in the context of anxiety disorders, electrodermographs as biofeedback machines can also be used in treating hyperhidrosis, a condition of excessive sweating.

#4: Electrocardiographs as Biofeedback Machines

Electrocardiography (EMG) measures the electrical activity of the heart, using electrodes placed on the torso or extremities. EMG measurements indicate the interval between heart beats, which correlates with heart rate. Electrocardiographs as biofeedback machines can be used in biofeedback therapy for depression and anxiety. They are also useful for conditions like heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD). 

#5: Pneumographs as Biofeedback Machines

A pneumograph is another of the biofeedback machines that is commonly used. Pneumography measures respiration rate using a flexible sensor band placed around the chest or abdomen. Pneumographic biofeedback therapy can be used in treating disorders in which irregular breathing is a factor, such as asthma, COPD, hypertension, and panic attacks. It is also useful for anxiety disorders.

#6: Electroencephalographs as Biofeedback Machines

Electroencephalographs (EEGs) are biofeedback machines that are used for neurofeedback therapy. In neurofeedback therapy, EEG biofeedback machines inform patients of changes in their neural oscillation frequencies, better known as “brainwaves.” Different frequency ranges (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and theta) correlate with different mental states, and abnormalities in brainwaves emitted in relevant brain areas have been documented in many psychological disorders. The goal of neurofeedback therapy is to facilitate a process of learning to alter the frequencies, which is achieved using a software system where images and sounds respond to frequency changes. 

BrainCore Therapy & Neurofeedback

Panic Attack Symptoms Alleviated with Biofeedback

The physical symptoms of a panic attack are overwhelming. To suddenly experience symptoms such as hyperventilation, nausea, an intense feeling of approaching doom, rapid heart rate, chills, or dizziness in the midst of a non-threatening situation will send most people rushing to their medical care provider.

Armed with the latest research, that provider may very well suggest biofeedback training as one way of helping to alleviate those symptoms. Here’s a basic explanation of what happens when a panic attack strikes and how training the patient in EEG biofeedback exercises can relieve the duration and intensity of the symptoms.

Although the medical world once dismissed panic attack symptoms as the result of an emotional disorder, it is now known that panic attack episodes can happen to anyone, and the physical symptoms are real and devastating. To the person in the midst of a panic attack, immediate relief is imperative.  Learning to retrain brain waves through biofeedback can help provide that relief.

EEG biofeedback training, a process in use since the 1960s, involves retraining brain waves to normal activity via customized training exercises. It is completely non-invasive and allows the patient to avoid the possible long-term and immediate side effects of psychopharmaceuticals.

While the exact causes of panic attacks have not yet been pinpointed, individuals experiencing episodes will display abnormal brain wave activity when measured by an EEG (electroencephalogram). Learning how to retrain the brain as abnormal electrical activity between cells (brain waves) begins to occur, may be useful in preventing a full-blown panic attack.

How, exactly, would that training look? Summed up briefly, the doctor will perform preliminary testing to establish where in the brain the abnormal activity is occurring. Using that information, training exercises using visual or auditory stimuli will commence.

The patient who has suffered a panic attack might be shown an image on a computer screen, or be introduced to a sound, that indicates, during a series of exercises, normal brain waves have been achieved. The patient is actually learning methods of retraining their own brain waves back into normal rhythms.

Once that skill is gained, the prospect of another panic attack can be much less frightening, as the patient knows they have the tools to normalize their own brain activity. All this can be accomplished without medication or invasive procedures.

Experiencing the symptoms of a panic attack can drastically change a person’s outlook on life, but it doesn’t have to. That same person can experience significant relief from subsequent episodes when guided to the tools available to them through EEG biofeedback training.

NEUROFEEDBACK FOR PANIC ATTACKS AND ANXIETY

What is an Electroencephalogram (EEG)?

An Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a way that doctors, scientists, and researchers can record brain activity while someone performs a task. They do this by fitting a network of electrodes on someone's scalp, which then measures electrical activity in the brain. The electrodes are painless and harmless; in fact, patients outfitted with them don't even feel a sensation other than the electrodes resting on their scalp. EEG is completely non-invasive, meaning there are no injections, and it doesn't use X-rays or radiation. It is considered safe by the scientific and medical communities, except in very rare cases where a patient with a pre-existing seizure disorder may respond to the flashing lights or breathing patterns involved in recording brain activity. A patient would be tested for any potential problems before undergoing EEG.

Traditionally, EEG has been used to diagnose epilepsy, but it has also proved a useful tool in collecting information about sleep disorders and other brain disorders, which are known as encephalopathies – hence the name of the device. The technology is actually more than 100 years old, but over time technicians and scientists have improved the effectiveness and increased the applications with more disorders.

More recently, EEG has shown great promise in the science of neurofeedback, in which people suffering from various brain disorders such as Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD), drug or alcohol addiction, autism, depression, or migraine headaches are able to learn to manage their disorders naturally. They do this at a special clinic, under the supervision of a doctor or technician, by being placed on an EEG and performing activities (usually a game) while monitoring their own brainwaves. This device then collects neurological and physiological information about the patient and displays it in an easy-to-read, easy-to-understand format that the patient can monitor.

In this way, many patients are able to "retrain" their brain by recognizing the way their thoughts affect their brainwave activity, and learning to think, breathe or act in new ways to restore their neurological activity to a healthy, normal configuration, rather than taking potentially harmful stimulants, personality-altering antidepressants or other powerful psychotropic drugs.

Because EEG is safe and free of side effects, it is rapidly gaining popularity with adults and also with children as a way to treat neurological disorders, such as ADHD, without using stimulants or other chemicals.